Midrash, Mishnah, and Gemara

From the Introduction... This book was written at a time when my critical commentary on the Talmud (called Sources and Traditions) had achieved half its goal: it covered half of the Talmud text. That commentary discusses in great detail more than a thousand different subjects and touches fleetingly in the notes on ten times that number. It avoids being disjointed because it follows the order of the Talmud and thus has a consecutive thread. It is further united by the several very important historical facts it implies, principally that the present text of the Talmud most often evolved from a different preceding text, and that in the process of evolution the present text absorbed both transmissional changes and redactional changes. I became very interested in these redactional changes. Transmissional changes enter the text without the transmitter's awareness. In contrast, redactional changes are consciously made for the sake of improving the text, either contextually or aesthetically. Transmissional changes are understandable, though unpredictable. They are mechanical changes, made unwittingly by the transmitter. A person, for instance, may genuinely think he heard the word "can" and