Poor in England, 1700-1900

"This collection of studies investigates English poverty between 1700 and 1850 and the ways in which the poor made ends meet. The phrase 'economy of makeshifts' has often been used to summarise the patchy, disparate and sometimes failing strategies of the poor for material survival. Incomes or benefits derived through the 'economy' ranged from wages yielded by under-employment via petty crime through to charity; however, until now, discussions of this array of makeshifts have usually fallen short of answering vital questions about how and when the poor secured access to them. This book represents the single most significant attempt in print to supply the English 'economy of makeshifts' with a solid, empirical basis and to advance the concept of makeshifts from a vague but convenient label to a more precise yet inclusive definition." "Individual chapters written by some of the leading historians of welfare examine how advantages gained from access to common land, mobilisation of kinship support, crime, and other marginal resources could prop up struggling households. They consider how the balance of these strategies might change over time or be modified by gender, life-cycle and geo