Approximation of substantive criminal law in the EU the way forward

The European Union's efforts to approximate substantive criminal law began under the third pillar of the Maastricht Treaty, then amended by the Amsterdam and Nice Treaties. As with other areas of cooperation in criminal matters, this domain has been 'communitarised' by the Lisbon Treaty. Since then, it is the area where the most initiatives have been introduced. In this context, the purpose of the book is twofold. The first aim is to evaluate the changes introduced by the new Treaty and, three years after its entry into force, to provide an overview of the concrete implementation and practical impact of these changes. The second is to reflect on future prospects. Following an introduction, which identifies the institutional and decision-making changes resulting from the Lisbon Treaty and examines the novel interactions among European actors, the book is divided into two main sections.^ The first one develops a crosscutting approach, which can be applied to the approximation of substantive criminal law irrespective of any specific domain of analysis. It draws together reflections on the importance of fundamental principles of criminal law; on the so-called annex-competence provided