Urban Emancipation

"In Mobile, the Confederacy's fourth largest city, the most pressing social divide within the black community was between longtime residents - often freeborn, prosperous, and of mixed ancestry - and the wave of destitute rural freedmen fleeing the countryside. After Emancipation, moderate African American leaders seeking legal equality, and promoted by powerful white allies, emerged from the first group. The newcomers spawned a more militant faction - younger, poorer, and darker-skinned than their opponents - who encouraged mass action in the streets and formed the constituency for the white "carpetbag" leadership that dominated popular Republic politics." "Fitzgerald traces how the rivalry between black factions yielded a startlingly antagonistic political scene that steadily escalated into physical conflict, culminating in years of confrontations and altercations at rallies and conventions. He also explains why such strife was especially intense in urban areas, where activists and political patronage concentrated. Indeed, in Mobile, African Americans leaders seldom met violence at the hands of their racist adversaries, but their own rival clusters challenged each other repeatedly